During assessment of velopharyngeal incompetence, the following patterns of velopharyngeal closure can be seen on videofluoroscopy:
A. CoronalNone of the above. These patterns of velopharyngeal closure are seen when assessed by nasendoscopy. This procedure is undertaken with the patient awake to enable co-operation and assessment. In general, coronal patterns of velopharyngeal closure are best treated with sphincter pharyngoplasty whereas sagittal patterns are best treated with posterior pharyngeal flaps.