A pianist is performing at a recital. According to the social facilitation theory which of the following is likely to happen?
A. According to the social facilitation theory, in the presence of others, a dominant response (i.e. a well-learned task) will improve, while a poorly learned response will worsen. For example a well-trained musician would, according to this theory, perform better in the presence of others, but a beginner will make more mistakes. It also depends on the involvement of the audience in the task and on the expectations of praise or criticism.
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A commercial sex worker receives an educational session regarding safe sexual practices from a health professional. She does not make any immediate change in her attitude or behaviour but agrees with the importance of such safe practice.
Which of the following phases of Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Model of Change is she in?
B. The Stages of Change Model by Prochaska and DiClemente are stages that a person goes through when involved in a behavioural change. This may include a change in substance misuse behaviour, starting daily exercise, going on a diet or changing a health-related behaviour, for example attempting to obtain a cervical smear. The first stage is precontemplation stage, where the person is not thinking of any imminent change and is happy the way things are. The second stage is contemplation where he is considering a change in the near future. Preparation is when he gets ready or prepares to make the change. Action phase is where he implements the change and in maintenance phase he decides to continue the change in behaviour and attempts to prevent relapse.
A frail-looking young man suddenly collapses on a busy market street and starts throwing a fi t. In spite of the presence of many members of the public, no one comes forward to help him.
Which of the following best explains the above observation?
B. This observation is otherwise called the bystander apathy or bystander effect. People are less likely to provide help to someone in need if they are in a group rather than when alone. The probability of providing help decreases as the group size increases. One of the main reasons for the bystander effect is diffusion of responsibility, that is a thought that someone else might help. The other influencing factor is the perceived need for help. If it is an emergency situation, we are more likely to intervene and help. Altruism is a different concept and refers to selfless concern about the welfare of others that leads to helping behaviour.
After receiving a small gift from a pharmaceutical representative, we feel indebted to prescribe the promoted drug.
Which of the following could explain this behaviour?
C. The reciprocity norm is the situation where you help those who help you. This is a powerful social phenomenon utilized by pharmaceutical representatives. Social responsibility is the situation where you help those in need. Social exchange theory is a theory of interpersonal relationships. It regards relationships in terms similar to trading interactions. According to this theory, a relationship continues as long as both partners feel that the benefits of remaining in the relationship outweigh the costs of the same relationship. According to equity theory, a relationship is successful as long as both partners perceive that the individual outcomes from the relationship are proportional to their individual inputs.
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Margaret is 73-year-old. According to Erikson, she is most probably in the stage of:
A. This question tests one’s knowledge of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Erikson’s stages were based on the concept of epigenetic principles. Epigenetic principle states that development occurs in sequential, clearly defined stages, and that each stage must be satisfactorily resolved for development to proceed smoothly. If a stage is not resolved satisfactorily, it results in physical, social, emotional, and cognitive maladjustment. In the question, the lady is 73 years old and is most likely to be in the stage of ‘Integrity versus despair’, where a person has to resolve the crisis between integrity (feeling at peace with oneself and the world, with no regrets or recriminations) and despair (feeling that life was full of wasted opportunities, regrets, wishing to be able to turn back the clock and have a second chance).
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