A patient who is on olanzapine for a long time is developing xanthoma.
Which one of the following levels might be elevated in his blood?
C. Xanthomas indicate the presence of hyperlipidaemia. Metabolic syndrome is a common side-effect of atypical antipsychotic treatment. There is growing concern with metabolic disturbances associated with antipsychotic use, including hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, exacerbation of existing type 1 and 2 DM, new-onset type 2 DM, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Reference:
Which of the following nutrients, if deficient, can make treatment of depression difficult?
D. Though folate deficiency itself is not a common cause of depression, in folate-deficient patients, supplementation might increase response to antidepressant treatment. It is currently not clear whether this effect is seen only in folate-deficient individuals or if folate could be a potential adjuvant to antidepressant therapy in general.
Which of the following is a good predictor of metabolic side-effects of antipsychotics?
D. Waist circumference is a better predictor than baseline weight with respect to metabolic syndrome. HbA1c is not a screening measure. QT interval is unrelated to metabolic effects of antipsychotics. Here, metabolic side-effects refer to endocrine and metabolic changes associated with antipsychotic therapy.
In patients with suspected dementia, which of the following neuroimaging modalities is clinically helpful to differentiate dementia of Lewy body type from Alzheimer’s dementia?
D. DAT (dopamine transporter) scan is a SPECT scan that visualizes dopamine transporter. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the main differential diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In DLB there is 40–70% loss of striatal dopamine and the loss of dopaminergic cell is accompanied by loss of the dopamine transporter. The loss of dopaminergic neurones in DLB can be confirmed in vivo with a DAT scan, which uses a radioligand that specifically binds to the dopamine transporter (FP-CIT). There are no changes in DAT-scan results in Alzheimer’s disease compared to controls.
Which of the following EEG rhythms has the highest frequency?
A. Beta >13 Hz, Alpha 8 to 13 Hz, Theta 4 to 7Hz, Delta < 3Hz. In normal, awake adults lying quietly with the eyes closed, an 8- to 13-Hz alpha rhythm is seen over the occipital region, which is attenuated when the eyes are opened. During drowsiness, the alpha rhythm is again attenuated; with light sleep, slower activity in the theta (4 to 7 Hz) and delta (4 Hz) ranges becomes more apparent. A generalized, faster beta activity (13 Hz) is seen more anteriorly during active wakefulness. Beta activity may be prominent in patients receiving barbiturate or benzodiazepine drugs. Adults normally may show a small amount of theta activity over the temporal regions when awake. A disproportionate increase in slow wave activity should raise suspicions about cerebral pathology.
Click to expand