Which one of the following terms was coined by Mary Ainsworth?
E. According to Mary Ainsworth, attachment in infants helps to reduce separation anxiety. Infants use the attachment figure as a ‘secure base’ around which they can explore the environment. Chess and Thomas proposed the theory of goodness of fi t. They studied the innate psychological characteristics of every infant known as temperament. According to them, goodness of fit results when the expectations and demands from mothers match the temperamental characters of the infant. Margaret Mahler described the theory of separation individuation. Anaclitic depression (hospitalism) was first described by Rene Spitz in infants who had made normal attachments but were then suddenly separated from their mothers and placed in institutions or hospitals. These infants developed depression that was anaclitic (loss of dependent object) and recovered when their mothers returned. Sometimes, inanimate objects, called transitional objects (Winnicott) also serve as a secure base; these transitional objects are often soft toys or other commonly encountered things that often accompanies children as they investigate the world. For example, Hobbes in Calvin and Hobbes comic strips.
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Which of the following statements about attachment theory is INCORRECT?
A. Abused children often maintain their attachments to abusive parents. Attachment behaviour can increase in the presence of hunger, sickness, or pain. Similarly when children are rejected by their parents or are afraid of them, their attachment may increase to some extent. Attachment develops in almost all children, but whether this is of a secure or insecure nature depends on multiple factors. Separation anxiety is a universal human developmental phenomenon emerging in infants less than 1 year of age and marking a child’s awareness of a separation from his or her mother or primary carer. Separation anxiety peaks between 9 and 18 months and diminishes by about 2.5 years of age, enabling young children to develop a sense of comfort away from their parents in preschool.
A boy recognizes that the amount of water remains the same when transferred from a tall narrow glass to a wide-mouthed glass.
Which stage of Piaget’s developmental model is he likely to have attained?
C. The concept of conservation develops in the stage of concrete operations. The primary sign that a child is still in the preoperational stage is that he or she has not achieved the concept of conservation or reversibility. Conservation is the ability to recognize that objects possess different compatible properties and the alteration of one property (e.g. height) does not necessarily alter other properties (e.g. volume). Conservation occurs in various dimensions – conservation of volume, quantity, number, area, and weight. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor stage, which begins at birth and lasts up to 2 years. Object permanence and insight is gained in this stage. During the stage of preoperational thought (2–7 years), the child develops symbolic play and semiotic function. Children in this stage are egocentric. In addition to conservation and reversibility, the child also develops syllogistic reasoning in the concrete operational stage (7–11 years). Formal operational stage (11 to thr end of adolescence), is characterized by the development of the capability of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Which of the following is NOT a projective test?
B. The projective tests of personality assessment make use of unstructured stimuli, for example inkblots or pictures from which stories have to be derived. It is thought that when confronted with a vague stimulus, subjects will introduce (project) some personality characteristics into the stimulus. This will be revealed not only in the way the ambiguity is perceived but also in the content of their responses. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a self-report inventory with more than 500 true or false statements about oneself. It is an objective personality assessment instrument. The Rorschach Test is a standard set of ten inkblots which serves as the ambiguous stimulus for associations. In the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 20 stimulus cards depicting a number of scenes of varying ambiguity are used. Other projective tests include Draw a person test and sentence completion test.
A 30-year-old man presents to rehabilitation services following a head injury.
Which of the following is the LEAST useful test to measure premorbid IQ in this patient?
A. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) has a number of subtests, each tapping different aspects of intelligence. Verbal IQ is calculated based on the sum of the following subtests: vocabulary, similarities, arithmetic, digit span, information, and comprehension. Performance IQ is calculated from the sum of the following subtests: picture completion, digit symbol coding, block design, matrix reasoning, and picture arrangement. Three further subtests (symbol search, letter–number sequencing, and object assembly) have been added in later versions. National Adult Reading Test (NART), Cambridge Contextual Reading Test, Spot the Word Test, and Wechsler Test of Adult Reading are best used to test premorbid IQ. These measures are based on the observation that reading ability is relatively preserved in the face of organic cognitive impairment and is highly correlated with intellectual ability in the general population.
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