Goldstein is associated with which of the following modes of thinking?
D. Concrete thinking is seen as thinking characterized by a predominance of actual objects and events and the absence of concepts and generalizations, that is failed abstraction. It is recognizable clinically but difficult to measure using psychometric tests. According to Goldstein concrete thinking is a direct result of loss of abstract thinking. It is observed that concrete thinking is evident in speech-disordered (FTD) schizophrenia patients, but not in the non-FTD group (Allen 1984). It is also seen in frontotemporal dementia.
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Bannister repertory grid can be used to measure which of the following phenomena?
C. Schizophrenic thought disorder could be measured using repertory grids (Bannister) based on Kelly’s personal construct theory. The patient is asked to score different elements (can be relatives or friends) under different constructs (qualities of them). Normally, one would expect congruence between different constructs scored for an element, for example Mum is helpful and she is also kind and supportive. But in schizophrenia the predictability of an element’s quality using prior constructs is affected. (Mum is helpful but scores low on kindness and support offered). This is called serial invalidation and is more pronounced for peoples than objects, showing that thought disorder affects interpersonal realm more than other spheres. The scores can be used to draw a semantic space, demonstrating graphical connections between people and qualities in a patient’s personal world.
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Which of the following can be used to assess formal thought disorder in schizophrenia?
E. All of these stated methods have been employed to quantify formal thought disorder seen in schizophrenia. Word association tests are abnormal in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia prefer dominant meaning of a word, despite the context of its usage, for example court means ‘law-room’ not tennis court, in spite of a discussion about sports. This abnormality can be tested using word association tests. In cloze procedure parts of one’s recorded speech are deleted to see if meaning could be still predicted; predictability was reduced in the speech of patients with schizophrenia. Type–token ratio refers to the ratio between the number of different words used during a discourse and the total number of spoken words. Impoverished vocabulary was noted with low type–token ratio among schizophrenia patients. Cohesion analysis refers to the analysis of links between sentences and words in a discourse. It shows that schizophrenia patients use less referential ties (e.g. using pronouns without mentioning a subject in first place) and more lexical ties (i.e. connected words).
Which of the following is a psychopathology of familiarity?
A. Déjà vu is the feeling of having seen or experienced an event, which in fact is being experienced for the first time. Jamais vu is loss of familiarity of an event or situation that has been experienced before. Both can occur in normal people, and in temporal lobe epilepsy. Déjà vu and jamais vu are considered as pathologies of familiarity.
Which one of the following is described as a core symptom of Ganser’s syndrome?
B.Ganser’s syndrome includes:
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