Which of the following terms refers to the number of new cases observed per person-year of observation?
C. The term incidence density refers to the number of new cases observed in a defined period in a population per person-year of observation.
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Which of the following is the main focus of the current (third) generation of epidemiological studies in mental health?
B. To describe the development of psychiatric epidemiology, three ‘generations’ of studies are distinguished. Around 16 psychiatric epidemiological studies, carried out before World War II, belong to the first generation. These studies focused primarily on the health-care agencyregistered prevalence of mental disorders in relation to community characteristics. The second generation of psychiatric epidemiological studies followed an increased interest in the diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature of psychiatric disorders after World War II, when nearly 60 studies appeared. These were mainly fi eld surveys, conducted in unstructured clinical interviews. Consequently, the reliability of these studies was low. The third-generation studies started around 1970, with more effort put into increasing the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. A major objective of the third-generation studies is to obtain precise estimates of prevalence and incidence of specific mental disorders, whereas second-generation studies focused on mental ill-health in general. It is claimed that a fourth generation of psychiatric epidemiological studies is in the making. This includes studies that include comprehensive sets of biological markers such as brain imaging, cerebrospinal fluid examinations, blood sampling, etc. in the large-scale, cross-sectional surveys.
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When unmet mental health-care needs in the UK are considered, which of the following is incorrect?
D. Using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs Schedule, Bebbington et al. determined the unmet need for psychiatric care to be around 10% of the sample assessed from inner south London. Less than half of all potentially achievable needs were met in this sample. There was only partial overlap between diagnosis and an adjudged need for treatment, that is there was a significant section of the sample that had a need for treatment irrespective of diagnostic categorization. It was concluded that most of these needs could be met at the primary care level.
What is the estimated prevalence of adult ADHD according to the World Mental Health Survey Initiative?
A. As a part of the WMH Survey Initiative, adult respondents were screened for criteria of ADHD in a cross-national sample. The estimates of ADHD prevalence averaged 3.4%, with lower prevalence in lower income countries (1.9%) compared with higher-income countries (4.2%). A high degree of comorbidity was noted for adult ADHD, and, interestingly, in most low-income countries the comorbidities were treated more than the ADHD itself. The treatment for adult ADHD was better in developed countries.
Which of the following measures the impact of premature mortality on a population?
D. ‘Years of potential life lost’ (YPLL) is a measure of the impact of premature mortality on a population. It is calculated as the sum of the differences between some predetermined end point (commonly the life expectancy of population or age 65 as standard) and the ages of death for those who died before that end point. Crude mortality is not specific for age distribution of mortality. The infant mortality rate does not pick up deaths occurring after 1 year of age.
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