Which of the following treatments was specifically developed to reduce intentional self-harm behaviour?
A. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) was specifically designed by Linehan to address repeated self-harm behaviour, especially in patients with emotional instability. The core components of DBT are:
Ellis developed rational emotive therapy, which is predominantly cognitive-theory based.
Reference:
Your pet dog barks at your new friend who visits you at home. When you hug your friend during every subsequent visit, the dog gradually stops barking.
Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
B. This is called reciprocal inhibition. Wolpe introduced this term to explain how contradictory and incompatible responses cannot be conditioned to coexist simultaneously; as a result one response will be suppressed. In this example, suppression of stranger anxiety response (barking) follows the evocation of faithfulness and friendliness in the presence of the dog’s primary food-giver. The physiologically antagonistic response of friendliness serves to extinguish barking through reciprocal inhibition. Reciprocal determinism and vicarious learning refer to social learning or modelling theory. There was no applied relaxation or biofeedback provided to the dog in question.
A teacher notices that one of her pupils is sleeping during her lecture while the rest are actively listening. She concludes that her lecture is boring and worthless.
Which of the following cognitive distortions best suits the above description?
D. This question tests one’s knowledge of Beck’s cognitive distortions. Cognitive distortions are dysfunctional patterns of thinking that serve to produce and maintain depression or anxiety. A useful mnemonic to remember cognitive distortions is MOSPAD—minimization or magnification, overgeneralization, selective abstraction, personalization, arbitrary inference, and dichotomous thinking. In this scenario, the teacher can see one sleepy student amidst many active participants, yet the teacher chooses to select the negative aspect of the truth—selective abstraction. In arbitrary inference one comes to conclusion without seeing both sides of a coin. In minimization, one downplays one’s successful achievements. Magnification reefers to overrating one’s negative aspects. In dichotomous thinking, a subject splits events around him to ‘black or white’, that is either good or bad with no grey area in between. Catastrophic interpretation is seen in panic attacks where minor events are misinterpreted in catastrophic proportions.
Production of repetitive phonemes seen in a growing child is called babbling.
Which of the following is true with respect to babbling?
D. Babbling refers to the repetitive production of consonants around the age of 6 months. It is seen at the same developmental age irrespective of one’s culture and mother tongue. It is largely an innate developmental milestone. Even deaf and mute children babble, but around 9 to 12 months this reduces and stops. Normally, babbling continues well into 18 months of age and does not stop with the production of the first words. Babbling is practiced alone by a child even in the absence of any adults; this means that communication is not the only intention in babbling.
In Cattell’s personality theory, the 16 measured personality factors (16PF) can be termed:
C. Source traits refer to those traits that act as basic building blocks of personality, as measured by Cattell’s 16PF. Surface traits are easily observable traits that are correlated strongly with one another but are not important for making one’s personality. Allport derived various trait labels from around 18 000 adjectives used in English. According to him, there are three main variants of traits—cardinal traits are the influential, core traits while central traits refer to the fi ve to 10 less general traits an individual possesses. Least important of all are secondary traits, which are least general and consistent and are only noticed by close friends.
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