Which cell organelle is involved in the breakdown of oligopeptides?
Correct Answer D: Protein degradation in eukaryotes is also carried out by protein complexes called proteasomes.
Cell organelles:
The table below summarises the main functions of the major cell organelles:
Where is CCK secreted from?
Correct Answer A:
Gastrointestinal hormones: Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion:
Aldosterone is secreted by the:
Correct Answer B: Adrenal cortex mnemonic: GFR - ACD.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Adrenal cortex (mnemonic GFR - ACD):
Renin:
Factors stimulating renin secretion:
Angiotensin:
Aldosterone:
Where are G protein-coupled receptors located?
Correct Answer D: G protein-coupled receptors span the cell membrane.
Membrane receptors There are four main types of membrane receptor: ligand-gated ion channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, guanylate cyclase receptors and G protein-coupled receptors.
1- Ligand-gated ion channel:
2- Tyrosine kinase receptors:
3- Guanylate cyclase receptors:
4- G protein-coupled receptors:
A study looks at whether golf actually increases the risk of medial epicondylitis. Sixty people who regularly play golf are matched to sixty people who do not play golf. Thirty of the golfers had developed medial epicondylitis at some point compared to ten of the non-golfers.
What is the odds ratio of developing medial epicondylitis for people who play golf?
Correct Answer C:
Remember to calculate the odds, rather than risk, initially:
Odds and odds ratio:
Odds are a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to the number of people who do not incur the outcome. The odds ratio may be defined as the ratio of the odds of a particular outcome with experimental treatment and that of control.
Odds ratios are the usual reported measure in case-control studies. It approximates to relative risk if the outcome of interest is rare.
For example, if we look at a trial comparing the use of paracetamol for dysmenorrhoea compared to placebo we may get the following results :
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