Which one of the following is least associated with hypercalcaemia?
Correct Answer B:
Hypercalcaemia: causes:
The most common causes of hypercalcaemia are malignancy (bone metastases, myeloma, PTHrP from squamous cell lung cancer) and primary hyperparathyroidism.
Other causes include:
*Other causes of granulomas may lead to hypercalcaemia e.g. Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis.
**Usually normal in this condition but hypercalcaemia may occur with prolonged immobilization.
Which one of the following immunological changes is seen in progressive HIV infection?
HIV: immunology:
The following immunological changes are seen in progressive HIV:
Which one of the following would shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
Correct Answer D:
Oxygen dissociation curve:
The oxygen dissociation curve describes the relationship between the percentage of saturated haemoglobin and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. It is not affected by haemoglobin concentration.
Basics:
*2,3-diphosphoglycerate
What level of evidence does a study offer which is obtained from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials?
Correct Answer A:
Study design: evidence and recommendations:
Levels of evidence:
Grading of recommendation:
Vital capacity may be defined as:
Correct Answer E:
Respiratory physiology: lung volumes:
Tidal volume (TV):
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 2-3 L:
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = 750ml:
Residual volume (RV) = 1.2L:
Vital capacity (VC) = 5L:
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the sum of the vital capacity + residual volume.
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