Which one of the following hormones is most responsible for the secretion of bicarbonate in the upper gastrointestinal tract?
Correct Answer C:
Gastrointestinal hormones:
Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion:
Which one of the following syndromes is associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease?
Correct Answer A:
Turner's syndrome:
Turner's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder affecting around 1 in 2,500 females. It is caused by either the presence of only one sex chromosome (X) or a deletion of the short arm of one of the X chromosomes.
Turner's syndrome is denoted as 45,XO or 45,X
Features:
Which layer of the epidermis is immediately next to the dermis?
Correct Answer D:
Epidermis - 5 layers - bottom layer = stratum germinativum which gives rise to keratinocytes and contains melanocytes.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of a stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina It may be divided in to five layers:
A mutation in the gene that encodes aquaporin 2 is most likely to result in:
Diabetes insipidus:
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by either a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, ADH, (cranial DI) or an insensitivity to antidiuretic hormone (nephrogenic DI).
Causes of cranial DI:
Causes of nephrogenic DI:
Investigation:
The adrenergic receptor is an example of a:
Membrane receptors:
There are four main types of membrane receptor: ligand-gated ion channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, guanylate cyclase receptors and G protein-coupled receptors.
Ligand-gated ion channel:
Tyrosine kinase receptors:
Guanylate cyclase receptors:
G protein-coupled receptors:
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