Which of the following is most likely to cause hypokalaemia associated with acidosis?
Correct Answer E:
Hypokalaemia and acid-base balance:
Potassium and hydrogen can be thought of as competitors. Hyperkalaemia tends to be associated with acidosis because as potassium levels rise fewer hydrogen ions can enter the cells.
Hypokalaemia with alkalosis:
Hypokalaemia with acidosis:
A 10-year-old boy is found to have haemophilia A following investigation for a haemoarthrosis.
Which one of his relatives is most likely to have the condition?
Correct Answer B:
X-linked recessive conditions are only seen in males which therefore excludes two of the options. As male to male transmission is not seen this means the answer is mother's brother.
X-linked recessive:
In X-linked recessive inheritance only males are affected. An exception to this seen in examinations are patients with Turner's syndrome, who are affected due to only having one X chromosome. X linked recessive disorders are transmitted by heterozygote females (carriers) and male-to-male transmission is not seen. Affected males can only have unaffected sons and carrier daughters.
Each male child of a heterozygous female carrier has a 50% chance of being affected whilst each female child of a heterozygous female carrier has a 50% chance of being a carrier. The possibility of an affected father having children with a heterozygous female carrier is generally speaking extremely rare. However, in certain Afro-Caribbean communities G6PD deficiency is relatively common and homozygous females with clinical manifestations of the enzyme defect are seen.
Patients with deficiencies of which one of the following complement proteins are predisposed to Leiner disease?
Complement deficiencies:
Complement is a series of proteins that circulate in plasma and are involved in the inflammatory and immune reaction of the body. Complement proteins are involved in chemotaxis, cell lysis and opsonization.
C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) protein deficiency:
C1q, C1rs, C2, C4 deficiency (classical pathway components):
C3 deficiency:
C5 deficiency:
C5-9 deficiency:
Each one of the following is an acute phase protein, except:
Acute phase proteins:
During the acute phase response the liver decreases the production of other proteins (sometimes referred to as negative acute phase proteins). Examples include:
*Plays a more significant role in other mammals such as mice.
Which one of the following immunoglobulins are present in the lowest concentration in blood?
Whilst the majority of IgA is found in secretions there is a significant quantity present in blood. IgE makes up less than 0.1% of immunoglobulins.
Immunoglobulins:
The table below summarises the characteristics of the 5 types of immunoglobulin found in the body:
Click to expand