A 16-year-old male is reviewed in the endocrinology clinic due to lack of pubertal development. On examination his testes are undescended and there is only scanty pubic hair.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Correct Answer B:
Cryptorchidism is more suggestive of Kallman's than Klinefelter's syndrome.
Kallman's syndrome:
Kallman's syndrome is a recognized cause of delayed puberty secondary to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. It is usually inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. Kallman's syndrome is thought to be caused by failure of GnRH-secreting neurons to migrate to the hypothalamus. The clue given in many questions is lack of smell (anosmia) in a boy with delayed puberty.
Features:
Cleft lip/palate and visual/hearing defects are also seen in some patients.
Which one of the following statements regarding significance tests is incorrect?
Correct Answer D:
Significance tests: types:
The type of significance test used depends on whether the data is parametric (something which can be measured, usually normally distributed) or non-parametric.
Parametric tests:
Non-parametric tests:
Paired data:
Which cell organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids?
The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles:
Which one of the following features is least associated with zinc deficiency?
Correct Answer E:
Gingivitis is more commonly seen in vitamin C deficiency.
Zinc deficiency:
Which one of the following features is most likely to be seen following facial nerve paralysis?
Correct Answer A:
Hyperacusis results from paralysis of the stapedius muscle. Overflow of tears may occur but hyper-lacrimation does not.
Facial nerve:
Supply - 'face, ear, taste, tear':
Causes of bilateral facial nerve palsy:
Causes of unilateral facial nerve palsy - as above plus:
LMN vs. UMN:
*May also cause an UMN palsy.
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