Which one of the following statements regarding vitamin D-resistant rickets is false?
Correct Answer E:
Vitamin D-resistant rickets:
Vitamin D-resistant rickets is a X-linked dominant condition which usually presents in infancy with failure to thrive.
It is caused by impaired phosphate reabsorption in the renal tubules.
Features:
Diagnosis:
Management:
Where is B-type natriuretic peptide mainly secreted from?
Correct Answer D:
B-type natriuretic peptide is mainly secreted by the ventricular myocardium.
B-type natriuretic peptide:
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced mainly by the left ventricular myocardium in response to strain.
response to strain. Whilst heart failure is the most obvious cause of raised BNP levels any cause of left ventricular dysfunction such as myocardial ischaemia or valvular disease may raise levels. Raised levels may also be seen due to reduced excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Factors which reduce BNP levels include treatment with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-2 receptor blockers and diuretics.
Effects of BNP:
Clinical uses of BNP:
Diagnosing patients with acute dyspnoea:
Prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure:
Guiding treatment in patients with chronic heart failure:
Screening for cardiac dysfunction:
What is the role of troponin in cardiac muscle?
The other components of thin filaments are actin and tropomyosin. Thick filaments are primarily composed of myosin.
Cardiac enzymes and protein markers:
Interpretation of the various cardiac enzymes has now largely been superseded by the introduction of troponin T and I. Questions still however commonly appear in the MRCP.
Key points for the exam:
A 79-year-old complains of lower urinary tract symptoms.
Which one of the following statements regarding benign prostatic hyperplasia is incorrect?
Correct Answer A:
Goserelin (Zoladex) is not used in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition seen in older men.
Risk factors:
BPH typically presents with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may be categorized into:
Management options:
Alpha-1 antagonists e.g. tamsulosin, alfuzosin:
Which one of the following types of immunoglobulins are responsible for haemolytic blood transfusion reactions?
Correct Answer C:
Immunoglobulins:
The table below summarizes the characteristics of the 5 types of immunoglobulin found in the body:
Click to expand