Which of the following is true regarding the Parental Bonding Instrument?
B. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is a self-report measure to be completed by those who are at least 16 years of age. The subjects are asked to score their parents on 25 attitudinal and behavioural items (each with a four-point Likert scale), as remembered during the first 16 years of the respondent’s development. Hence it is prone to a high degree of recall bias. Potential sources of error include ‘amnesia’ of early childhood memories, pressure to appear ‘conventional’, or ‘social’, bias due to personality factors, trait characteristics, mood, and other psychopathology. The construct validity is also questionable.
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The five-areas approach to CBT includes focusing on all of the following domains of a patient’s experience except:
E. The five-areas approach for assessment in CBT was proposed by Williams; it is a jargon-free and easily accessible model of CBT for use in busy clinical settings. It allows the patient and therapist to understand the patient’s symptoms in a deeper manner by exploring:
While administering CBT, all of the following are appropriate therapeutic processes that can be employed by a therapist except:
A. Active discouragement of work may be counter-therapeutic in most conditions. CBT does not adopt such prescriptive approach to problem solving. Exploring the patient’s beliefs about his/her illness is an important part of assessment during CBT. Similarly, clear goal-setting can be therapeutic and has a role in motivating the patient. Homework tasks may include putting into practice what the patient learns during treatment sessions. Using the patient’s own language can be helpful in enhancing therapeutic alliance and avoid misinterpretations during the therapeutic process.
Which of the following is true with respect to psychoanalytic theory of depression?
B. Classic psychoanalytic theory of depression compares depression with mourning. High dependence and ambivalence in relationships may predispose to depression after object loss. The object referred to in psychotherapy need not necessarily be one’s parent; it can be any other person or even an inanimate but personally important object. Identification is an unconscious mechanism wherein the self tries to become the same as the lost object in some respect. In depression, identification occurs on the basis of sympathy, guilt, or longing to keep a relationship with the lost object. In addition, it is thought that an excessively harsh or envious superego can influence severity, chronicity, and refractoriness of depression. Such superego turns aggression and anxiety against the self.
Which one among the following processes seen in group therapy is not associated with Wilfred Bion?
B. The ‘basic assumptions’ put forward by Bion are processes that need to be tackled effectively for group work to proceed. Bion postulated that when people meet in a group ‘basic assumptions’ become prominent. The basic assumptions include dependency (being passive and expecting the group leader to provide answers), pairing (coupling of idealized group members could lead to the birth of some creative answer to their problems), and fight–flight (the group’s response to perceived threats to its existence from outside) reactions. Various techniques employed in group therapy include ‘mirroring’ (non-judgmental reflection of one’s experience), ‘amplification’ (increase in emotional resonance by sharing), and ‘catharsis’ (supported ventilation of emotions). Within a group, processes such as scape-goating (e.g. blaming one member for lack of progress) or idealization of the therapist could occur. Similarly, unhealthy denigration could happen among team members. These are thought to be counter-therapeutic to the progress of the treatment.
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