A patient can hear voices when ever the noise of water running through a tap is heard. This is called:
C. In functional hallucinations an external stimulus provokes a hallucination, and both hallucination and stimulus are in same modality but individually perceived, for example voices heard simultaneously when ever the noise of water running through a kitchen tap is heard. They are not illusions, as the stimulus is perceived appropriately (noise of water), but in addition there is another perception (voices) without an appropriate object. If hallucinations in one modality are provoked reflexively by stimulus in another modality, for example seeing an angel when ever listening to music, then this is called reflex hallucination. The phenomenon of perceiving a stimulus of one modality in a different modality (may be single or multiple modalities) is called synaesthesia, for example tasting the music, hearing colours, and smelling voices.
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The phenomenon of perceiving a stimulus of one modality in a different modality is called:
B. Synaesthesia is defined broadly as a mingling of the senses. People with the condition may see a colour when they look at a number or hear a tone when they see a colour. It is not a hallucination as the perception comes from an appropriate stimulus. The original stimulus is simultaneously perceived in appropriate modality in addition to the cross modality perception (syn – joint, simultaneous).
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An 18-year-old girl is able to perceive colours when she listens to cello music.
Which of the following is incorrect regarding synaesthesia?
E. Synaesthesia is common in females (4:1), runs in families, and colour–number synaesthesia is the most common form. It is thought to be due to extensive cross-wiring between multimodal association regions in some people, probably due to failed selective pruning. It is not a hallucination.
Which one of the following is NOT matched correctly?
D. The pathology of thought can be divided into content (What is being ‘thought about’?), form (In what manner (or shape) is the thought present?), and stream or fl ow (How is it being thought about?). Disordered thought content is seen as delusions, for example persecutory themes, obsessions, or preoccupations. Overvalued idea is also a disorder of thought content. Disordered stream of thought is seen as poverty of thought, pressure of speech, and crowding of thoughts. Disordered form of thought, as seen in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, refers to a set of various alterations in the thinking process – loosening of associations, metonyms, tangentiality, and circumstantiality to name a few. As an analogy, ‘thought’ can be considered to be a box of packed fruits bought in the supermarket. Form is equivalent to the shape of the box (e.g. rectangular plastic box), content is equivalent to the type of fruit (e.g. oranges or peaches) and stream is equivalent to the number of fruits in the box (e.g. 6 or 12).
Which one of the following is more common in manic rather than schizophrenic speech disturbance?
A. Of all thought disorders classified by Andreasen, clanging and flight are more common in mania while derailment (loosening) and thought blocking (and to some extent tangentiality and poverty of content of speech) are seen often in schizophrenia – other items were not thought to be specific for a particular psychiatric condition.
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