In the UK, the annual prevalence of hallucinations is higher in which of the following racial groups?
B. The prevalence of ‘all cause’ hallucinations are higher in the Caribbean population living in the UK compared to other ethnic groups. It is noted to be 2.5 times more common in this group. South Asian migrants come next in the list, followed by native White populations. Cultural differences exist not only in disease prevalence but also in non-clinical but abnormal mental experiences measured in community samples.
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Which of the following is true regarding increased incidence of schizophrenia among migrant population?
E. It is now accepted that immigration is a clear risk factor for developing schizophrenia, irrespective of the prevalence rates in the country of origin, genetic loading, or cannabis use. This effect is not limited to the generation that migrates – it extends to the second generation immigrants as demonstrated in the AESOP Study in the UK. It has also been shown that in neighbourhoods where minority status is significant due to the high population of majority ethnic group in the locality and poor socioeconomic status of immigrants, incidence of schizophrenia is increased. This applies to any minority group irrespective of racial status.
Which of the following theories holds that mental illness is a result of societal influence?
C. Labelling theory was applied to explain mental illness in 1966 by Thomas Scheff. He claimed that mental illness is manifested solely as a result of societal influence. The society views certain actions as deviant. A label of mental illness is placed on those who exhibit deviant behaviours in order to explain these behaviours. The expectations then placed on these individuals unconsciously change their behaviour – giving them the role of mentally ill. Social causation and drift theories attempt to explain the association between lower socioeconomic status and mental illness. Social causation theory proposes that low socioeconomic status breeds mental illnesses. Social drift theory takes the view that a decline in social status occurs following development of mental illnesses.
A patient with learning disability cannot understand the implications of hospitalization. But he does not resist being admitted to a hospital.
Which of the following best describes his mental capacity status?
B. Often patients who lack capacity to make treatment decisions agree to follow a treatment plan passively. This special group is termed ‘compliant not capable’. Learning disability services, dementia care, and geriatric care often face challenge with such patients. The Bournewood case refers to a patient with autism who was kept in hospital against the wishes of his carers as he complied with hospital admission. Though he did not have capacity to decide on his treatment he was not detained under the mental health act as he was compliant to stay at the hospital. This case revealed a wide gap in English mental health law.
A patient decides to be on the waiting list for 12 months untill she could see a psychotherapist. Choose an ethical principle relevant to this scenario:
B. Justice is one of four primary ethical principles. Justice is the moral obligation to act on the basis of fair-judgement between competing claims. Justice is classified into:
In health ethics, distributive justice means equity for all where ‘equals are equally treated’; it concerns economic distribution and healthcare resource allocation.
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