Among the juvenile delinquent population, the most commonly committed offense is:
D. Among juvenile delinquents, the most common offenses are against property. Boys are more delinquent than girls in a ratio of 4 to 11 delinquent boys for every delinquent girl. Among boys who get convicted only half get reconvicted. But most (nearly 75%) with repeated convictions become adult offenders.
Reference:
All of the following are associated with higher rates of nocturnal enuresis except:
D. Most enuretic children are free from psychiatric disorders. But the rate of psychiatric disorders is higher in enuretic than non-enuretic children. Children growing up in large families in overcrowded conditions have higher rate of enuresis. Stressful life events may form a starting point of secondary enuresis in children. Toilet training methods used by parents have not shown to be associated with enuresis. Enuresis tends to run in families; a positive family history can be related to positive treatment outcome. Many chromosomal loci have been identified - 13q, 12q, 8, and 22. Rarely some families show an autosomal dominant mode of transmission with penetrance above 90%.
The most common form of medically unexplained symptom complained by children is:
B. Recurrent headaches are the most common somatic symptom with no medical explanation complained by children, followed by abdominal pain. 10 to 30% of children admit having frequent headaches (at least weekly) while 7 to 25% admit having abdominal pain. Chest pain is reported by approximately 10% of school aged children. At least 7.5% of children admit to other musculoskeletal pains. Chronic fatigue syndrome appears to be uncommon in children with estimated prevalence less than 1%.
A psychometric test involves experimental creation of a situation in which a test person has to distinguish his or her own knowledge of a hidden object from the knowledge of the others.
This test is called:
A. The Sally and Anne Task involves metarepresentation of another person’s mental state. Two test characters Sally and Anne are shown in a picture. Sally leaves a toy at a place. Anne hides the toy at a different place in the absence of Sally. When Sally returns, where will she look for the toy - the place it was before she left the scene or the place where it had been moved by Anne? This requires a subject to distinguish his or her own knowledge that an object has been hidden by Anne in the absence of Sally from the knowledge of Sally. The test subject must be able to reflect Sally’s mental state i.e. ‘I know that she does not know where the object really is’. The Sally and Anne Test therefore tests understanding a first order false belief. As theory of mind does not develop fully before age 4, children under this age very often fail the test.
Which is the most consistently identified abnormality in neurobiological studies of autism?
D. One of the most consistently observed biological findings in autism is increased serotonin levels in the blood, which is noted in 30–50% of children with autism. The high whole blood serotonin is also noted among family members of autistic patients. Essentially this whole blood level reflects platelet serotonin.
Click to expand