Which of the following refers to the literal meaning of the term hysteria?
C. The term hysteria stands for ‘wandering uterus’. It was incorrectly observed that hysteria affects only women. The uterus is a major morphological difference between a man and a woman; hence, rather simplistically, it was believed that uterus was the site of problems in hysteria. Also it was believed that unmarried women often had this wandering uterus that could be tied down by wedlock, leading to a reduction in hysterical symptoms following marriage. It was even believed in a Greek myth that this wandering uterus could strangulate a person, leading to hysterical globus or aphonia! Unusual treatments, including pelvic massage to induce orgasm, were offered to cure hysteria later in history.
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Which of the following diagnostic technique involved injecting air into subarachnoid space?
B. Dandy, in 1919, used pneumoencephalogram as a diagnostic technique to visualize the brain. This technique showed enlarged ventricles in patients with schizophrenia, which was later confirmed by investigations using various other imaging modalities that developed later. There was a high fatality rate associated with pneumoencephalogram.
In a large, multicentre trial reported in 1988, Kane demonstrated that clozapine was superior in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients compared to which of the following drugs?
B. Kane revived the use of clozapine through his milestone study. He compared chlorpromazine and clozapine in a treatment-resistant sample and demonstrated clozapine’s superiority in this instance (in 1988) leading to FDA approval (in 1989). The multicentre trial showed that 30% of clozapine-treated patients will respond in 6 weeks while 60% will respond in 6 months. On the other hand, only 4% improved on chlorpromazine in combination with benztropine.
Who is the proponent of primal therapy?
A. Primal therapy refers to a trauma-focused treatment proposed by Arthur Janov. Primal therapy claims that only through direct experience of pain and emotions, could any psychological treatment work. Other talking therapies use higher cortical cognitive processes to talk about emotional experience while primal therapy attempts to engage lower brain centres during psychotherapy.
Which of the following described delusions as un-understandable?
C. Jaspers was both a psychiatrist and a philosopher. He studied psychopathology in depth; the descriptive psychopathology and psychiatric phenomenology used in current psychiatric practice are largely Jasper’s contributions. According to him, a specific quality of delusions is their ‘un-understandability’. This distinguished primary delusions from delusion-like ideas or secondary delusions that arose out of a different psychopathology. for example hallucinations.
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